Reptile’s anatomy may limit the usefulness of the physical exam. Furthermore, blood work analysis is often not giving clear information regarding the pathology involved. The use of the rigid endoscope (18 cm long, 2,7mm large, 30° degrees angle) integrates evidence based medicine in the herpetological medical field, offering more information and increasing the standards of care. Endoscopy of the coelomic cavity and organ biopsies are often necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. Several techniques have been developed to explore the coelomic cavity of these species. For ophidians, often presented for respiratory impairment, endoscopic examination of the lung is an important diagnostic tool for the investigation of respiratory. Although tracheoscopy has its limits, for example in large snakes the length of the lower respiratory tract or in smaller ones the diameter of the trachea (the endoscopes are too large for examination), lung and air sacs can be investigated and samples can be collected performing a transcutaneous approach. For this technique, the skin is incised on the right side, on the second row of scales approximately at the 40% of the length of the body. A scissor is then bluntly advanced through the subcutaneous and muscular tissue. The respiratory tract is then incised and the endoscope directed both cranially and caudally, for complete exploration of the air sac. The 30’’ angle makes better visualization possible, without a lot of movement of the telescope. For chelonians, often presented for traumatic lesions of the shell, the endoscope should be used to investigate every lesion that exposes the coelomic cavity. Hemorrhage is not easy to diagnose using radiology or ultrasound, rupture of organs are easily missed without the use of an endoscope, besides that fly larvae hidden in the soft tissue can be identified and physically removed. Assisted surgical procedures can also be performed in these species. Ovaries and salpinx can be easily identified, grasped, and placed in the surgical field, the prefemural space. It is important to remember that the thoracic coelom is not separated with a diaphragm suture, so no insufflation is needed when exploring or for any type of surgery. Another valuable diagnostic tool is cystoscopy in chelonians. The two main features of the chelonian urinary bladder: morphology and size play an important role in choosing this technique. The fact that the urinary bladder wall is thin and transparent when distended and it is a greatly distensible organ that can accommodate large quantities of fluids (ie, up to 30% of the total body weight of the chelonian) make it a reliable procedure that can help the veterinarian visualize internal organs and have a better understanding of the clinical case especially when other diagnostic techniques are not helping. It can be used for sex determination of hatchling chelonians, often requested from several reptile breeders but also to visualize the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, spleen and, of course the bladder wall itself and its content (urinary stones, eggs and parasites can be identified).